Climate Change Management Briefs for 525 National Wildlife Refuges
How will climate change affect birds in national wildlife refuges? These scientific briefs by 爆料公社 scientists can help refuge managers prepare.
爆料公社 scientists created management briefs for 525 refuges managed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Each brief describes how projected changes in a refuge鈥檚 climate could affect its bird populations. In addition to describing high-level trends, the briefs list whether the refuge鈥檚 climate is stable, worsening, or improving for each current bird species in summer and winter, as well as those species that could potentially colonize or be extirpated from the refuge in both seasons. Finally, each brief includes recommendations for how staff might manage their refuges to prepare birds for the coming changes.
Learn about changes across the National Wildlife Refuge System in the overview brief:
Learn about how this study was conducted in the methodology brief:
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Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge
Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge
Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge
Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge
Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge
Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Key Cave National Wildlife Refuge
Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge
Sauta Cave National Wildlife Refuge
Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge
Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Becharof National Wildlife Refuge
Innoko National Wildlife Refuge
Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge
Togiak National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge
Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge
Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge
Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge
Cibola National Wildlife Refuge
Gila River Waterfowl Management Area
Havasu National Wildlife Refuge
Imperial National Wildlife Refuge
Kofa National Wildlife Refuge
Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge
San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge
Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge
Big Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Cache River National Wildlife Refuge
Dale Bumpers White River National Wildlife Refuge
Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge
Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge
Logan Cave National Wildlife Refuge
Overflow National Wildlife Refuge
Pond Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge
Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge
Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge
Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area
Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Colusa National Wildlife Refuge
Delevan National Wildlife Refuge
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Grasslands Wildlife Management Area
Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge
Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Kern National Wildlife Refuge
Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge
Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Merced National Wildlife Refuge
Modoc National Wildlife Refuge
North Central Valley Wildlife Management Area
Pixley National Wildlife Refuge
Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge
Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge
Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge
San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge
San Diego National Wildlife Refuge
San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge
San Luis National Wildlife Refuge
San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge
Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge
Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
Sutter National Wildlife Refuge
Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Tulare Basin Wildlife Management Area
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area
Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge
Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge
Baca National Wildlife Refuge
Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge
Colorado River Wildlife Management Area
Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge
Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
Sangre De Cristo Conservation Area
Two Ponds National Wildlife Refuge
Stewart B. Mckinney National Wildlife Refuge
Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge
Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge
Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge
Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
Caloosahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge
Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge
Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge
Egmont Key National Wildlife Refuge
Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area
Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge
Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge
Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge
Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge
J. N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge
Key West National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge
Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge
Matlacha Pass National Wildlife Refuge
Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge
National Key Deer Refuge
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge
Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge
St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge
St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge
St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge
Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Banks Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge
Bond Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge
Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge
Savannah National Wildlife Refuge
Tybee National Wildlife Refuge
Wassaw National Wildlife Refuge
Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge
Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Camas National Wildlife Refuge
Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge
Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge
Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge
Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area
Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge
Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge
Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge
Great River National Wildlife Refuge
Hackmatack National Wildlife Refuge
Kankakee National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area
Meredosia National Wildlife Refuge
Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge
Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge
Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge
Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge
Desoto National Wildlife Refuge
Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge
Iowa Wetland Management District
Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge
Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge
Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge
Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge
Marais Des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge
Clarks River National Wildlife Refuge
Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge
Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge
Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge
Bayou Teche National Wildlife Refuge
Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
Black Bayou Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge
Breton National Wildlife Refuge
Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge
Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge
Catahoula National Wildlife Refuge
D鈥橝rbonne National Wildlife Refuge
Delta National Wildlife Refuge
Grand Cote National Wildlife Refuge
Handy Brake National Wildlife Refuge
Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge
Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge
Red River National Wildlife Refuge
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge
St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge
Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge
Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge
Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area
Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge
Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge
Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge
Sunkhaze Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge
Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge
Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge
Martin National Wildlife Refuge
Patuxent Research Refuge
Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge
Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge
Massasoit National Wildlife Refuge
Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge
Nomans Land Island National Wildlife Refuge
Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge
Parker River National Wildlife Refuge
Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge
Huron National Wildlife Refuge
Kirtlands Warbler Wildlife Management Area
Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Michigan Wetland Management District
Seney National Wildlife Refuge
Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge
Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge
Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge
Big Stone Wetland Management District
Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Detroit Lakes Wetland Management District
Fergus Falls Wetland Management District
Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge
Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Litchfield Wetland Management District
Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge
Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Minnesota Valley Wetland Management District
Morris Wetland Management District
Northern Tallgrass Prairie National Wildlife Refuge
Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Rydell National Wildlife Refuge
Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge
Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge
Tamarac Wetland Management District
Windom Wetland Management District
Coldwater River National Wildlife Refuge
Dahomey National Wildlife Refuge
Hillside National Wildlife Refuge
Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge
Mathews Brake National Wildlife Refuge
Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
Morgan Brake National Wildlife Refuge
Panther Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge
Tallahatchie National Wildlife Refuge
Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge
Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge
Clarence Cannon National Wildlife Refuge
Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge
Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge
Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge
Mingo National Wildlife Refuge
Ozark Cavefish National Wildlife Refuge
Pilot Knob National Wildlife Refuge
Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Benton Lake Wetland Management District
Black Coulee National Wildlife Refuge
Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge
Bowdoin Wetland Management District
Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge
Charles M. Russell Wetland Management District
Creedman Coulee National Wildlife Refuge
Grass Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge
Hewitt Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Mason National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Thibadeau National Wildlife Refuge
Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge
Lost Trail National Wildlife Refuge
Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge
National Bison Range
Nine-Pipe National Wildlife Refuge
Northeast Montana Wetland Management District
Northeast Wetland Management District
Northwest Montana Wetland Management District
Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
Swan River National Wildlife Refuge
Ul Bend National Wildlife Refuge
War Horse National Wildlife Refuge
Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge
Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge
John W. and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuge
North Platte National Wildlife Refuge
Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District
Valentine National Wildlife Refuge
Anaho Island National Wildlife Refuge
Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Desert National Wildlife Range
Fallon National Wildlife Refuge
Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge
Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge
Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge
Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge
John Hay National Wildlife Refuge
Wapack National Wildlife Refuge
Cape May National Wildlife Refuge
Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge
Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge
Grulla National Wildlife Refuge
Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
Las Vegas National Wildlife Refuge
Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge
San Andres National Wildlife Refuge
Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge
Valle De Oro National Wildlife Refuge
Amagansett National Wildlife Refuge
Conscience Point National Wildlife Refuge
Elizabeth Alexandra Morton National Wildlife Refuge
Great Thicket National Wildlife Refuge
Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge
Lido Beach Wildlife Management Area
Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge
Oyster Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge
Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refuge
Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge
Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge
Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge
Cedar Island National Wildlife Refuge
Currituck National Wildlife Refuge
Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge
Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge
Mountain Bogs National Wildlife Refuge
Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge
Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge
Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
Roanoke River National Wildlife Refuge
Swanquarter National Wildlife Refuge
Ardoch National Wildlife Refuge
Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge
Arrowwood Wetland Management District
爆料公社 National Wildlife Refuge
爆料公社 Wetland Management District
Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Chase Lake Prairie Project Wetland Management District
Crosby Wetland Management District
Des Lacs National Wildlife Refuge
Devils Lake Wetland Management District
Florence Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Hobart Lake National Wildlife Refuge
J Clark Salyer Wetland Management District
J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge
Johnson Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Kellys Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Kulm Wetland Management District
Lake Alice National Wildlife Refuge
Lake George National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Ilo National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Nettie National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge
Little Goose National Wildlife Refuge
Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Long Lake Wetland Management District
Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge
Lostwood Wetland Management District
Mclean National Wildlife Refuge
Pierce County Waterfowl Production Area
Rock Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Slade National Wildlife Refuge
Stewart Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Storm Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Stump Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Sullys Hill National Game Preserve
Sunburst Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuge
Tewaukon Wetland Management District
Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge
Valley City Wetland Management District
White Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Willow Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge
Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge
West Sister Island National Wildlife Refuge
Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge
Little River National Wildlife Refuge
Optima National Wildlife Refuge
Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge
Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge
Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge
Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge
Washita National Wildlife Refuge
Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge
Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge
Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge
Bear Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge
Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge
Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge
Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer
Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
Mckay Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Pierce National Wildlife Refuge
Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge
Siletz Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge
Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge
Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge
Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge
Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge
William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge
Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Erie National Wildlife Refuge
John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum
Block Island National Wildlife Refuge
John H. Chafee National Wildlife Refuge
Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge
Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge
Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge
Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge
Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge
Ernest F. Hollings Ace Basin National Wildlife Refuge
Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge
Santee National Wildlife Refuge
Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge
Bear Butte National Wildlife Refuge
Huron Wetland Management District
Karl E. Mundt National Wildlife Refuge
Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge
Lacreek Wetland Management District
Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Andes Wetland Management District
Madison Wetland Management District
Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Sand Lake Wetland Management District
Waubay National Wildlife Refuge
Waubay Wetland Management District
Chickasaw National Wildlife Refuge
Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge
Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Isom National Wildlife Refuge
Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge
Reelfoot National Wildlife Refuge
Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge
Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge
Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge
Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge
Big Boggy National Wildlife Refuge
Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge
Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge
Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge
Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge
Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Mcfaddin National Wildlife Refuge
Moody National Wildlife Refuge
Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge
Neches River National Wildlife Refuge
San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge
Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge
Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge
Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge
Ouray National Wildlife Refuge
Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge
Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge
Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge
Fisherman Island National Wildlife Refuge
Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
James River National Wildlife Refuge
Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge
Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge
Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge
Presquile National Wildlife Refuge
Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge
Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
Black River Unit of Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
Columbia National Wildlife Refuge
Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Copalis National Wildlife Refuge
Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge
Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge
Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge
Hanford Reach National Monument
Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge
Mcnary National Wildlife Refuge
Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge
Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge
San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge
Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge
Willapa National Wildlife Refuge
Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Fox River National Wildlife Refuge
Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuge
Horicon National Wildlife Refuge
Leopold Wetland Management District
Necedah National Wildlife Refuge
St. Croix Wetland Management District
Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge
Whittlesey Creek National Wildlife Refuge
Bamforth National Wildlife Refuge
Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge
National Elk Refuge
Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge